Brain Structures

Lobes

Temporal lobe

Sides of brain (the temples). Involved in visual memory. Right side involved in recognizing objects and faces. Left side involved in verbal memory and helps humans remember and understand language (associated with Visuospatial#Broca's & Wernicke's Areas|Broca's and Wernicke's Private or Broken Links
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areas). Rear of temporal lobe helps to interpret other people's emotions and reactions. Works with amygdala. [1] Because of this, damage to the visual temporal lobe could cause lack of fear or "psychic blindness" [2] where it could be hard to associate people, events, or objects with emotional values. Involved in epilepsy and bipolar disorder.

Frontal

Right behind the forehead. Responsible for executive functioning, sensory input, and motor movement.

Occipital

Back of the head. Responsible for vision, both real and imaginary.

Parietal

Area just above the occipital lobe, around the crown of the head.

Cortex/Cortices

Usually refers to areas on the surface of the brain, which have functions distinct from the inner structures of the brain. Grouped together into distinct regions of the brain called Visuospatial#lobes|lobes Private or Broken Links
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.

Prefrontal Cortex

Front end of the frontal lobe. Responsible for Visuospatial#Executive function|executive function Private or Broken Links
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.

Primary Motor Cortex

Back end of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending signals for muscle movement.

Retrosplenial cortex

Responsible for creating and recalling visual landmarks. Important for navigation.

Visual Cortex

Distinguishes a "what" and "where" context for the objects we see.

Auditory Cortex

Very similar to visual cortex but with sound. It also helps with "sound imagery". There is a primary and secondary visual cortex.

• The secondary cortex helps us distinguish one voice in a crowd to help with focusing on a conversation.
• It does this by distinguishing tones and pitches in sound. Uses a voice's pitch as a cue on which conversation to focus on in a crowded room.

Other brain structures

Hippocampus

Long term memory (hard drive) and remembering new information. Does this by encoding and retrieving info tagged with emotions. Provides context to emotional response. Also important in visuospatial memory.

Broca's & Wernicke's Areas

Work in tandem to process language. Broca handles speech expression and Wernicke handles speech comprehension.

Brain Functions

When it comes to brain regions, most people focus on the function of that region in isolation. What's often more important are how they interact with other regions and the complex functions they create together. For example, the Visuospatial#Prefrontal Cortex|prefrontal cortex Private or Broken Links
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accomplishes these functions when paired with another region:

Terms

Working memory

A form of short term memory where concentrated focus in involved. Lasts only a few seconds and on average can hold about seven items at a time. Think of it as a small desk. There's only so much area to work with. In order to make space for new information, something else must be removed.

Episodic buffer

Working memory for ordered items. This is for remembering step-by-step tasks.

Phonological loop

working memory for words. This is for repeating a phone number in your head until you find pen and paper.

Visuospatial sketch-pad

working memory for vision and perceiving space. A good example is a camera 3D-mapping an environment.

Chunking

a mnemonic (memory hack) that helps you store more information in working memory. If you try to remember a phone number, that's seven digits:

8 
6 
7
-
5 
3 
0 
9  

615
-
867
-
5309 

Now instead of 7 small numbers it's just 3 large numbers. Easier for working memory to handle.

Executive function

A collection of tasks performed primarily by the Visuospatial#Prefrontal Cortex|prefrontal cortex Private or Broken Links
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that include Visuospatial#Working memory|working memory Private or Broken Links
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, impulse control, and internal speech. Usually does this by weighing out pros and cons of each decision before choosing one. Trouble with executive function can make it hard to focus, follow directions, and handle emotions.

Visuospatial memory

Visuospatial ability is measured in terms of the ability to imagine objects, to take parts of an image and visualize a bigger picture, or to understand the differences and similarities between objects. Can be used to Visuospatial#Visuospatial sketch-pad|map out Private or Broken Links
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an area in your mind.

Processing speed

The speed at which the brain receives, understands, and responds to information. Requires several areas of the brain to work in tandem. If any one area decreases in function, speed as a whole is affected. For instance, if working memory is reduced, you can only work with 4 things at a time versus 7 things.

Selective attention

https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/182310/our-ability-focus-voice-crowds-triggered/ The ability to focus on a task or event when there are multiple things going on.

Auditory distraction

The tendency for a sound to disrupt a person who is maintaining selective attention on a task or conversation. Learning a musical instrument and listening to binaural beats or ASMR LoFi music may help in this situation as well as improve sound imagery. Also the condition can improve if the listener watches the speaker's face. Many people who experience auditory distraction had a hard time during COVID for this reason.

Auditory Imagery

Being able to imagine a sound, song, or voice in your head.

The main areas of the brain that appeared to be affected by the trauma are the speech areas and visuospatial areas, which are very close to one another. The reason why working memory, primarily located in the front of the brain, might be affected even though it wasn't the area that received trauma was because there was a high level of communication between them and the working memory part of the brain. Since they work as a team, their shared outcomes take a hit.

Areas that receive trauma tend to offset their tasks to neighboring regions of the brain. The brain is like a bunch of pathways. If the terrain the paths travel down are damaged, you just detour around the affected terrain. Basically, the brain rewires itself to accommodate those tasks again. Use of those pathways strengthens them and speeds up the process.

Auditory distraction is affected by the auditory cortex, so learning a song on an instrument of your choice can help. It utilizes pitch, which the cortex needs to cut out the distractions and it requires auditory imagery to play the song in your head. A similar thing happens with autism or children with ADHD. Sometimes they don't pay attention because the human voice does not signal their brain to pay attention. Singing in a melodic voice will grab their attention where a monotone voice won't, which is why it might be so effective in primary school settings.

The brain can also learn specific tasks again through the use of synesthesiawhere senses are associated with other brain functions. For instance, "seeing" music, smelling colors. Research suggests that synesthesias can be acquired through training. In some ways, a hallucination can be considered a synesthesia by definition. By associating two unrelated areas of the brain and strengthening their connection, when one area is utilized, the associated area lights up as well. A common location-based synesthesia is spatial-sequence synesthesia (SSS) where one connects locations in perpetual world to members of ordinal lists such as letters of the alphabet or months of the year.

https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/synesthesia/the-many-types-of-synesthesia-explained/

 The ventral stream processes information about object identity, whereas the dorsal stream, according to one model, processes information about either object location, and according to another, is responsible in executing movements under visual control.   Ventral stream is closer to injury location. This may mean object identity is affected. Maybe assign a name to objects that we can associated with landmarks. "What does it look like?" vs "What is it?" Try to mimic a AI|GAN or CNN Private or Broken Links
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. However, the base criteria here is pixel intensity with RGB values. Maybe replace them with schemas? Or associate locations with "apple, bravo, charlie". Or qigong notes. Associate them with music. In sequential order they make a melody. This will associate it with pitch recognition.

(Learn a song with lyrics) With conversations, the listener can improve auditory distraction by

Visuospatial

Transcortical sensory aphasia is a fluent aphasia characterized by poor comprehension and preserved repetition. In conversational speech, semantic paraphasias and word-finding difficulties are prominent, such that the syndrome may be reminiscent of Wernicke's aphasia; however, output is typically not as verbose as that in Wernicke's aphasia. Lesions in transcortical sensory aphasia typically involve temporo-parieto-occipital regions in posterior extrasylvian cortex.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cortical-sensory-aphasia

Indirect speech acts, i.e. responding "I forgot to wear my watch today" to someone who asks the time. The person asking the time infers that as "no" or "I can't" https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.598131/full Is affected by extrasylvian cortex. Indirect speech acts rely heavily on reflective listening. Not only understanding the content but the idea of the content. The ability to bridge inferences. Natural, inferential language.

Check for phonological impairment (spell 'kemple') because cann't map sounds to corresponding letters.

Transcortical aphasia - Phonological processing is intact, lexical-semantic processing (language comprehension at word level) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/lexical-semantics#:~:text=Lexical%20semantics%20concerns%20how%20words,action%20denoted%20by%20the%20verb.

Lexical-semantic processing means you know there isn't a word that means car, mouse, and computer at the same time. There is no verb for "to eat popcorn on a Wednesday morning while standing facing west" An example of lexical-semantic would be like associating "she went green" as implying "envious".

Improving lexical-semantic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5619404/. Semantic tasks first, then phonological and gestural strategies. Picture naming with semantic cues

• definition - (e.g., “Something that contains coffee” for cup)
• grammatical information - word class, conventional usage
• word/phrase associations - "I spilled the water out of mine" for cup
• sentence completion - "Here is my coffee…." and the answer is "cup"
• perceptual information - gesturing drinking a coffee cup
• link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_921

from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.598131/full We hypothesize further that critical white matter tracts linking these linguistic and extra-linguistic regions may also be disrupted in bvFTD, and interruption of white matter-mediated connectivity within the extended language network also may contribute to a limitation in indirect speech comprehension. While the initial WLG model posited only a single white matter tract for language—the arcuate fasciculus, connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas—more recent work has begun to implicate multiple tracts, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus SLF , inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus.

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

SLF 1 - superior parietal cortex (encodes locations of body parts), dorsal premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex. Inovlved with regulating motor behavior, especially conditional associtative tasks which select among competing motor tasks based on conditional rules

PAY ATTENTION TO THIS!!!! SLF 2 - caudal-inferior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Controls spatial attentino, visual and oculomotor functions. Provides the prefrontal cortex with parietal cortex information regardingg perception of visual space. Since these bundles are bi-directional, working memory in the prefrontal cortex may provide the parietal cortex with information to focus spatial attention and regulate selection and retrieval of spatial information.

SLF III - supramarginal gyrus, ventral premotor and prefrontal cortex. transfers somatosensory information, such as language articulation, between teh ventral premotor cortex, brodman 44, and laterial inferior prefrontal cortex working memory.

Inferior longitudianl fasciculus

connects occipital and temporal lobes https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sobo_1909671-Inferior_longitudinal_fasciculus.png/250px-Sobo_1909_671-Inferior_longitudinal_fasciculus.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tractography-Inferior_longitudinal_fasciculus-animation_1.gif/250px-Tractography-Inferior_longitudinal_fasciculus-_animation_1.gif Functions- supports object recognition, face perception. Associated with associative visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, visual amnesia, visual hypo-emotionality, but also some forms of autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and alexia.

Uncinate fasciculus

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sobo_1909670-Uncinate_fasciculus.png/250px-Sobo_1909_670-_Uncinate_fasciculus.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tractography_-Uncinate_fasciculus-animation_1.gif/250px-Tractography-Uncinate_fasciculus-_animation_1.gif

Connects limbic system such as temporal pole, parahippocampus, and amygdala with inferior frontal lobe such as orbitofrontal cortex. Considered part of the limbic system. Allows mnemonic representation sto be stored in teh temporal lobe to interact with and guid decision making in the frontal lobe. STRENGTHEN THIS!!! ANOTHER PATHWAY TO AID SLF. Deficits in proper name retrieval. Ability to learn associations through trial and error, pairing of a name with a face, Disruption of it fails to disrupt language although associated in the hemisphernic area of language.